The answer is probably no, but the situation is more complicated than that.
Do USB-to-Aux Cables Exist?
USB-to-aux cables exist, and they work for the purposes that they were designed.
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However, they don’t work as a conduit for digital music files to your car radio.
In contrast, aux connections are only capable of taking in an already processed signal.
Can You Plug a USB Drive Into a USB-to-Aux Cable?
Can You Plug an MP3 Player Into a Car Head Unit?
The same is true for phones and MP3 players that aren’t designed to output sound via USB connections.
Some phones omit the headphone jack in favor of the ability to output sound via the USB connection.
This works for some headphones that are designed to accept an analog audio signal in this way.