And creating a new form out of that dough requires multiple steps and the use of different tools.

With this knowledge, the system reasons how to manage the skills to complete the entire task.

“When a human does a long-horizon task, we are not writing down all the details.

A closeup on someone kneading pizza dough.

Nadya Spetnitskaya / Unsplash

The Pi of Pie

A surprising amount of mathematics goes into creating pizza dough, Zidaritz said.

The dough can be described using algebraic or parametric surfaces.

“Things can get difficult here because these differential equations have high computational complexity.

An illustration of how kneading and tech how dough should be handled looks.

MIT

Working with a deformable object like dough is more complex than handling a rigid one.

But recent advances in robotics could lead to great things for pizza lovers, Reches said.

Food handling, assembly, cooking, preparation, and packaging often change shape while being handled by robots.

An industrial robot handling cookies.

Westend61 / Getty Images